Reason clauses

Reason clauses

In your written and spoken assignments you will often need to answer the question ‘Why?’. When you want to explain why something happens, you can use a reason clause introduced by the conjunctions because, as or since.

• As she wanted to practise her spoken English, Carrie regularly took part in the ELC’s Big Mouth Corner.
• Mark joined the English Drama Club because he wanted to improve his intonation.

Don’t use so in sentences beginning with since, as or because. Here is a common mistake:

• Since he was interested in movies, so David joined the PolyU International Film Society.

You can also use the prepositional phrases because of and on account of to express reason.

• We were unable to carry out the experiment on account of a malfunction in the computer.
• We were unable to carry out the experiment because the computer malfunctioned.

Result clauses

Result clauses

When you want to indicate the result of an action or situation, you can use a result clause. Result clauses are introduced by conjunctions such as so, so... that, or such … that.

• The lecture was boring and irrelevant, so some of the students began to fall asleep.
• Peter was having problems with mathematics, so he went to see his tutor to ask for advice.
• There were so many books on the subject that Cindy didn’t know where to begin.
• There was such a lot of material to cover that Ivan found it difficult to keep up with his studies.

There are many other ways of talking about the result of an action or situation. In some situations you may prefer to use and as a result or with the result that.

• The lecture was boring and irrelevant, and as a result some of the students began to fall asleep.
• The lecture was boring and irrelevant, with the result that some of the students began to fall asleep.

As a result can also be used at the beginning of a new sentence.

• The lecture was boring and irrelevant. As a result, some of the students began to fall asleep.

The following words and phrases are used in the same way.

Therefore, Thus, In consequence, Consequently, For this/that reason

Causal relations can be expressed by ing-clauses of result.

• The government increased the duty on wine. As a result, there was a fall in demand.
• The government increased the duty on wine, resulting in a fall in demand.

Propozita de concesie (concessive clauses)

Concessive clauses are also called contrast clauses. They usually denote some obstacle which does not prevent the realization of the action expressed in the main clause. For example:

• Although it was very cold and rainy (contrast clause expressing an obstacle), we enjoyed our trip to New York (main clause).

In the above example, the idea expressed in the first clause contrasts with the idea expressed in the second clause.

Subordinators in Contrast Clauses

The first word that introduces the contrast clause in the above example is called a subordinator. In this article, we are going to learn to use some concessive subordinators which you can confidently use in contrast clauses on a regular basis: although, even though, though, while, and whereas. The article will also show you how to use the prepositions in spite of and despite to express contrast, and I shall explain how you can use the adverb however and the conjunction/adverb though to talk about contrast.
But first of all, let me quickly explain how subordinators function. Subordinators are linking words that join clauses to make sentences. They have a big effect on words in sentences. A clause without a subordinator forms a complete statement and can stand alone, while a clause introduced by a subordinator cannot stand alone and therefore forms a statement that is incomplete. For example:

• It was very cold and rainy.

This sentence forms a complete thought because it is not introduced by a subordinator.

• Although it was cold and rainy. (the reader or listener wants to know what happens next because the thought is incomplete)

The above statement is incomplete because the first word in it is a subordinator. If you remove this subordinator from the clause, your statement will become complete. This subordinate clause is therefore dependent on the following main clause to complete its meaning:

• Although it was very cold and rainy (subordinate contrast clause), we enjoyed our trip to London (main clause).

Now the reader or listener is able to fully understand the statement.
A note to remember: Main clauses are never introduced by subordinators and can therefore always form a complete thought. That's why they are also called independent clauses in English grammar.

Although, Though and Even Though

Although, though and even though are subordinators used in contrast clauses. They are also called subordinating conjunctions. They all introduce an idea which contrasts with the main clause. For example:

• Although Tanya was half asleep, she remembered to set the house alarm.
• Though Tanya was half asleep, she remembered to set the house alarm.
• Even though Tanya was half asleep, she remembered to set the house alarm.

The three subordinators have the same meaning; however, though is more common in informal speech than although. Even though is a stonger form of although and though and is definitely more emphatic than although. Let's sum it up: If you want to sound very informal, use though instead of although. If you want to sound very emphatic (concession is made more emphatic by using the modifier even), then you can use even though instead of although and though. The three subordinators always come before the subject and verb in a clause. The although/though/even though clause can come before or after the main clause. One more example:

• I didn't get the job as an actor although I had all the necessary qualifications.

While and Whereas

We can use while or whereas, which are subordinating conjunctions, to say that something in the subordinate clause contrasts with something in the main clause. The two subordinators are interchangeable and show major contrast. For example:

• I am quiet and shy (main clause), while my sister is lively and talkative.
• I am quiet and shy (main clause), whereas my sister is lively and talkative.

The above two sentences express a contrast between two ideas. As you can see, while is not only used to express time; it can also express contrast.The while/whereas clause can come before or after the main clause. One more example:

• While/Whereas my father is strong and tall, I am short and weak.

While/Whereas don't denote some obstacle which does not prevent the realization of the action in the main clause, but are used to show how one person, thing, or place is different from another.

In spite of and Despite

We can use the prepositions in spite of and despite to talk about contrast. After them you always have to use a noun, a pronoun, or an ing form of a verb (gerund). For example:

• In spite of the rain(noun), we started to play basketball.
• Despite the rain (noun), we started to play basketball.
• In spite of having (gerund) a migraine headache, I decided to go out on a date.
• Despite having (gerund) a migraine headache, I decided to go out on a date.

In spite of and despite are interchangeable. However, despite is slightly more formal than in spite of. Here you can learn more about the two prepositions.

Though and However

Though is not only a conjunction; if placed at the end of a sentence, it functions as an adverb. In spoken English, we can use though at the end of a sentence to show contrast. For example:

• The cottage isn't very nice. I like the garden though. (= but I like the garden)
• I see my neighbors every day. I've never spoken to them though. (= but I've never spoken to them)

In more formal English, the adverb however can be used instead. For example:

• The cottage isn't very nice. However, I like the garden.
• I see my neighbors every day. However, I've never spoken to them.

Exercitii propozita de scop

Choose the correct phrase for the following:

• 1. We worked hard just before Christmas _ we could really enjoy the holiday.
  
  to
  in order to
  so that
• 2. John just popped out _ the paper.
  
  to buy
  buy
  for buy
• 3. Take your house keys in case I _ out when you come back.
  
  will go
  have gone
  went
• 4. This oven is used _ bread.
  
  for making
  to make
  for make
• 5. This bracelet is _ Sarah. It’s her birthday tomorrow.
  
  for
  in order to
  to
• 6. John whispered _ disturb the other passengers on the flight.
  
  for
  to
  so as not to

Propozita de scop (clauses of purpose)

We use certain clauses to show why somebody does something. These are called clauses of purpose. They are introduced with the following words or expressions:

to + infinitive; David went out to buy a bottle of wine.
in order to/so as to + infinitive (formal); We were asked to say over in order to finish the project.
so that + can/will – used for a present or future reference; Here’s my number so that you can call me if you have a problem.
so that +could/would – used for a past reference; We left early so that we would be able to park close to the stadium.
in case + present tense – present or future reference – Take your hat in case it gets too hot.
in case + past tense – used for past reference – We took an umbrella in case it rained.
for + noun – used to express purpose – We went out for a pizza.
for + -ing – used to express purpose and/or function of something – This function on the air conditioner is for reducing humidity.

Negatives

For negative purpose we use:
in order not to/so as not to + infinitive – we walked in quietly so as not to wake up the children.
prevent + noun/pronoun + from + ing – I parked the car under a tree to prevent it from getting too hot.

Propozitia relativa (relative clauses)

Relative clauses se folosesc pentru a da informatii despre un anumit subiect fara a incepe o noua propozitie. Astfel, in loc sa ai doua propozitii scurte despartite de virgula, vei introduce un relative pronoun(who, which, whose, whom, that) pentru a le lega. Astfel obtii o propozitie mai complexa dar fluenta, in acelasi timp evitand repetarea unor anumite cuvinte care nu ar face decat sa ingreuneze textul/propozitia. Sa trecem la exemple:
1. Do you know that girl? She has a ponytail.
------> Do you know that girl WHO has a ponytail?
2. He got angry. It surprised me.
------> He got angry, WHICH surprised me.
3. Do you like that girl? Her mother is a nurse.
-------> Do you like the girl WHOSE mother is a nurse?
4.I don't like the table. It stands in the kitchen.
-------> I don't like the table THAT stands in the kitchen.
etc.

Stative verbs (verbe care de obicei nu pot fi puse la timp continuu)

'They love it' or 'They are loving it'?
When a verb describes a state and not an action  we do not use the continuous tense. For example, 'play' is an action so we can say 'playing' whereas 'be' is a fixed state which does not change: 'To be, or not to be'.
Grammatically it is not correct to say "Im loving it" even though McDonald's have made this expression famous. 'Love' is a state verb and so we should say "I love it".
State verbs generally fall into 4 groups:
Emotion: love, hate, want, need
Possession: have, own, want, belong
Sense: see, hear, smell, seem
Thought: know, believe, remember
Here are some more examples of state verbs:

State Verbs
doubt	dislike	understand	suspect
loathe	own	belong	know
like	need	want	seem
mean	believe	forget	remember
prefer	hate	love	see

some verbs can be both state and action verbs

Some words can be state verbs and action verbs. The meaning of these verbs is then different. Take a look at these:
'I have a car.' – state verb showing possession
'I am having a bath.' – action verb which, in this case, means 'taking'.
'I think you are cool.' – state verb meaning 'in my opinion'.
'I am thinking about buying a motorbike.' – action verb meaning 'considering'.

Cauzativele

Causative verbs

Causative structures indicate that one thing or person causes another thing or person to do something or be something.

Examples of causatives

Have (give someone the responsibility to do something)

• I had John fix the car
• I had my hair cut

Make (force someone to do something)

• The teacher made the students work in groups
• Our boss made us work extra hours

Get (convince or trick someone into doing something)

• He got the mechanic to repair the machine.
• She got him to read more.

Let (allow someone do something)

• Jane let her son go out
• They let the children play in the yard

Other causative verbs

Other causative verbs include:

allow, help, enable, keep, hold, force, require, persuade

Diferenta dintre "echo tags" si "question tags" (intrebarile disjunctive)

ECHO QUESTIONS
We use echo questions to show interest or surprise. For this purpose, the listener makes a short
question using the auxiliar or helping verb of the statement the speaker has just said.
EXAMPLE:
S: She is visiting relatives at this moment.
L. Is she?
S: They bought a new Television set last week.

L.    Did they?

S: I live in the centre of New York.
L. Do you?
S: Alan´s got a job as a lifeguard.
L. Has he?

QUESTION TAGS
These short questions are used to check information. We use a positive statement followed by a negative tag when we expect the answer YES.
E.g. "You are American, aren't you?"
We use a negative statement followed by a positive tag when we expect the answer NO. E.g. "They haven't arrived yet, have they?"

EXAMPLES:
I told you, didn't I?
It'll be sunny tomorrow, won't it?
He can't dive, can he?
They don't eat meat, do they?
She cooks well, doesn't she?
I am slim, aren't I?

Adverbele neregulate din limba engleza

well (bine)  - gradul pozitiv -well
- gradul comparativ – better (mai bine)
- gradul superlativ – the best (cel mai bine)
badly (rau) - gradul pozitiv – badly
- gradul comparativ – worse (mai rau)
- gradul superlativ – the worst (cel mai rau)
much ( mult) - gradul pozitiv – much
- gradul comparativ – more (mai mult)
- gradul superlativ – the most (cel mai mult)
 ittle (putin) - gradul pozitiv – little (putin)
- gradul comparativ – less (mai putin)
- gradul superlativ – the least (cel mai putin)
far (departe) - gradul pozitiv – far (departe)
- gradul comparativ – farther (mai departe)
- gradul superlativ – the farthest (cel mai departe)


Comparatia neregulata a adverbelor in engleza (Exemple):
1.) Mary is singing better than you.She is the best in our class = Mary canta mai bine decat tine. Este cea mai buna din clasa.
2.) He acted worse than last week. It’s his worst performance = El a jucat mai rau decat saptamana trecuta. Este cea mai proasta interpretare a lui.
3.) I worked more than yesterday = Am muncit mai mult decat ieri.
4.) The bus went farther than we expected = Autobuzul a mers mai departe decat ne asteptam.
5.) You do less work day after day = Faci mai putina treaba pe zi ce trece.
6.) I’m walking in the least friendly land in this country = Ma plimb prin cel mai putin prietenos tinut din aceasta tara.

Adjectivele neregulate din limba engleza

Adjectiv	Comparativ	Superlativ		Exemple
good	better	the best	irregular	Maria is the best athlete in the school.
well (healthy)	better	the best	irregular	He is still in hospital, but he is better than he was last week.
bad	worse	the worst	irregular	You are the worst driver I have ever known.
far	further	the furthest	irregular	My house is the furthest one.
far	farther	the farthest	regular	My house is the farther one.
old (people in a family)	elder	the eldest	irregular	Vasile is my elder brother.
old (general use)	older	the oldest	regular	Your teacher is older than my teacher.

Cele mai folosite adjective din limba engleza

Cuvânt

Frecvenţă

Tip

	different	215		(adjective)
	used	204		(adjective)
	important	160		(adjective)
	every	95		(adjective)
	large	95		(adjective)
	available	94		(adjective)
	popular	81		(adjective)
	able	74		(adjective)
	basic	61		(adjective)
	known	60		(adjective)
	various	59		(adjective)
	difficult	58		(adjective)
	several	55		(adjective)
	united	55		(adjective)
	historical	52		(adjective)
	hot	50		(adjective)
	useful	49		(adjective)
	mental	47		(adjective)
	scared	45		(adjective)
	additional	41		(adjective)
	emotional	35		(adjective)
	old	34		(adjective)
	political	34		(adjective)
	similar	32		(adjective)
	healthy	30		(adjective)
	financial	29		(adjective)
	medical	29		(adjective)
	traditional	29		(adjective)
	federal	28		(adjective)
	entire	27		(adjective)
	strong	27		(adjective)
	actual	26		(adjective)
	significant	24		(adjective)
	successful	24		(adjective)
	electrical	23		(adjective)
	expensive	23		(adjective)
	pregnant	23		(adjective)
	intelligent	20		(adjective)
	interesting	20		(adjective)
	poor	20		(adjective)
	happy	19		(adjective)
	responsible	19		(adjective)
	cute	18		(adjective)
	helpful	18		(adjective)
	recent	18		(adjective)
	willing	18		(adjective)
	nice	17		(adjective)
	wonderful	17		(adjective)
	impossible	16		(adjective)
	serious	16		(adjective)
	huge	15		(adjective)
	rare	15		(adjective)
	technical	15		(adjective)
	typical	15		(adjective)
	competitive	14		(adjective)
	critical	14		(adjective)
	electronic	14		(adjective)
	immediate	14		(adjective)
	whose	14		(adjective)
	aware	13		(adjective)
	educational	13		(adjective)
	environmental	13		(adjective)
	global	13		(adjective)
	legal	13		(adjective)
	relevant	13		(adjective)
	accurate	12		(adjective)
	capable	12		(adjective)
	dangerous	12		(adjective)
	dramatic	11		(adjective)
	efficient	11		(adjective)
	powerful	11		(adjective)
	foreign	10		(adjective)
	hungry	10		(adjective)
	practical	10		(adjective)
	psychological	10		(adjective)
	severe	10		(adjective)
	suitable	10		(adjective)
	numerous	9		(adjective)
	sufficient	9		(adjective)
	unusual	9		(adjective)
	consistent	8		(adjective)
	cultural	8		(adjective)
	existing	8		(adjective)
	famous	8		(adjective)
	pure	8		(adjective)
	afraid	7		(adjective)
	obvious	7		(adjective)
	careful	6		(adjective)
	latter	6		(adjective)
	obviously	6		(adjective)
	unhappy	6		(adjective)
	acceptable	5		(adjective)
	aggressive	5		(adjective)
	distinct	5		(adjective)
	eastern	5		(adjective)
	logical	5		(adjective)
	reasonable	5		(adjective)
	strict	5		(adjective)
	successfully	5		(adjective)
	administrative	4		(adjective)
	automatic	4		(adjective)
	civil	4		(adjective)
	former	4		(adjective)
	massive	4		(adjective)
	southern	4		(adjective)
	unfair	4		(adjective)
	visible	4		(adjective)
	alive	3		(adjective)
	angry	3		(adjective)
	desperate	3		(adjective)
	exciting	3		(adjective)
	friendly	3		(adjective)
	lucky	3		(adjective)
	realistic	3		(adjective)
	sorry	3		(adjective)
	ugly	3		(adjective)
	unlikely	3		(adjective)
	anxious	2		(adjective)
	comprehensive	2		(adjective)
	curious	2		(adjective)
	impressive	2		(adjective)
	informal	2		(adjective)
	inner	2		(adjective)
	pleasant	2		(adjective)
	sexual	2		(adjective)
	sudden	2		(adjective)
	terrible	2		(adjective)
	unable	2		(adjective)
	weak	2		(adjective)
	wooden	2		(adjective)
	asleep	1		(adjective)
	confident	1		(adjective)
	conscious	1		(adjective)
	decent	1		(adjective)
	embarrassed	1		(adjective)
	guilty	1		(adjective)
	lonely	1		(adjective)
	mad	1		(adjective)
	nervous	1		(adjective)
	odd	1		(adjective)
	remarkable	1		(adjective)
	substantial	1		(adjective)
	suspicious	1		(adjective)
	tall	1		(adjective)
	tiny	1		(adjective)
	more	597		(adjective, adverb)
	some	501		(adjective, pronoun, adverb)
	one	441		(adjective, noun, pronoun)
	all	438		(adjective, pronoun, noun)
	many	397		(adjective, noun, pronoun)
	most	378		(adjective, noun, adverb)
	other	369		(adjective, noun, pronoun)
	such	236		(adjective, adverb)
	even	223		(adjective, verb, adverb)
	new	210		(adjective, adverb)
	just	208		(adjective, adverb)
	good	201		(adjective, noun, adverb)
	any	190		(adjective, adverb)
	each	173		(adjective, adverb)
	much	165		(adjective, adverb)
	own	130		(adjective, verb)
	great	126		(adjective, noun, adverb)
	another	123		(adjective, pronoun)
	same	120		(adjective, pronoun, adverb)
	few	117		(adjective, noun, pronoun)
	free	115		(adjective, adverb, verb)
	right	113		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	still	112		(adjective, noun, adverb)
	best	108		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	public	97		(adjective, noun)
	human	92		(adjective, noun)
	both	91		(adjective, adverb)
	local	90		(adjective, noun)
	sure	90		(adjective, adverb)
	better	86		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	general	85		(adjective, noun)
	specific	83		(adjective, noun)
	enough	82		(adjective, adverb, interjection)
	long	82		(adjective, noun, adverb)
	small	81		(adjective, adverb)
	less	75		(adjective, adverb, preposition)
	high	74		(adjective, noun, adverb)
	certain	71		(adjective, pronoun)
	little	71		(adjective, adverb)
	common	69		(adjective, noun)
	next	64		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	simple	63		(adjective, noun)
	hard	61		(adjective, adverb)
	past	60		(adjective, noun, preposition)
	big	59		(adjective, noun)
	possible	59		(adjective, noun)
	particular	58		(adjective, noun)
	real	58		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	major	53		(adjective, noun, verb)
	personal	53		(adjective, noun)
	current	52		(adjective, noun)
	left	52		(adjective, adverb)
	national	52		(adjective, noun)
	least	50		(adjective, adverb)
	natural	50		(adjective, noun, adverb)
	physical	50		(adjective, noun)
	short	48		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	last	47		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	single	45		(adjective, noun, verb)
	individual	44		(adjective, noun)
	main	42		(adjective, noun)
	potential	42		(adjective, noun)
	professional	42		(adjective, noun)
	international	41		(adjective, noun)
	lower	41		(adjective, adverb)
	open	41		(adjective, verb, noun)
	according	40		(adjective, verb)
	alternative	39		(adjective, noun)
	special	39		(adjective, noun)
	working	39		(adjective, noun)
	true	38		(adjective, adverb, verb)
	whole	38		(adjective, noun, adverb)
	clear	35		(adjective, adverb, verb)
	dry	35		(adjective, verb, noun)
	easy	35		(adjective, adverb, interjection)
	cold	34		(adjective, noun, adverb)
	commercial	34		(adjective, noun)
	full	34		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	low	34		(adjective, noun, adverb)
	primary	33		(adjective, noun)
	worth	33		(adjective, noun)
	necessary	31		(adjective, noun)
	positive	31		(adjective, noun)
	present	30		(adjective, noun, verb)
	close	29		(adjective, adverb, verb)
	creative	29		(adjective, noun)
	green	28		(adjective, noun, verb)
	late	28		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	fit	27		(adjective, verb, noun)
	glad	27		(adjective, noun)
	proper	27		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	complex	26		(adjective, noun, verb)
	content	26		(adjective, verb, noun)
	due	26		(adjective, noun, adverb)
	effective	26		(adjective, noun)
	middle	26		(adjective, noun)
	regular	26		(adjective, noun)
	fast	25		(adjective, adverb, verb)
	independent	25		(adjective, noun)
	original	25		(adjective, noun)
	wide	25		(adjective, adverb)
	beautiful	24		(adjective, noun, interjection)
	complete	24		(adjective, verb)
	active	23		(adjective, noun)
	negative	23		(adjective, noun, interjection)
	safe	23		(adjective, noun)
	visual	23		(adjective, noun)
	wrong	23		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	ago	22		(adjective, adverb)
	quick	22		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	ready	22		(adjective, verb)
	straight	21		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	white	21		(adjective, noun, verb)
	direct	20		(adjective, adverb, verb)
	excellent	20		(adjective, interjection)
	extra	20		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	junior	20		(adjective, noun)
	pretty	20		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	unique	20		(adjective, noun)
	classic	19		(adjective, noun)
	final	19		(adjective, noun)
	overall	19		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	private	19		(adjective, noun)
	separate	19		(adjective, verb, noun)
	western	19		(adjective, noun)
	alone	18		(adjective, adverb)
	familiar	18		(adjective, noun)
	official	18		(adjective, noun)
	perfect	18		(adjective, verb, noun)
	bright	17		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	broad	17		(adjective, noun)
	comfortable	17		(adjective, noun)
	flat	17		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	rich	17		(adjective, noun)
	warm	17		(adjective, verb)
	young	17		(adjective, noun)
	heavy	16		(adjective, noun, adverb)
	valuable	16		(adjective, noun)
	correct	15		(adjective, verb)
	leading	15		(adjective, noun)
	slow	15		(adjective, adverb, verb)
	clean	14		(adjective, adverb, verb)
	fresh	14		(adjective, adverb)
	normal	14		(adjective, noun)
	secret	14		(adjective, noun)
	tough	14		(adjective, noun)
	brown	13		(adjective, noun, verb)
	cheap	13		(adjective, adverb)
	deep	13		(adjective, noun, adverb)
	objective	13		(adjective, noun)
	secure	13		(adjective, verb)
	thin	13		(adjective, adverb, verb)
	chemical	12		(adjective, noun)
	cool	12		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	extreme	12		(adjective, noun)
	exact	11		(adjective, verb)
	fair	11		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	fine	11		(adjective, adverb, verb)
	formal	11		(adjective, noun, adverb)
	opposite	11		(adjective, noun, preposition)
	remote	11		(adjective, noun)
	total	11		(adjective, noun, verb)
	vast	11		(adjective, noun)
	lost	10		(adjective, verb, idiom)
	smooth	10		(adjective, adverb, verb)
	dark	9		(adjective, noun, idiom)
	double	9		(adjective, noun, verb)
	equal	9		(adjective, noun, verb)
	firm	9		(adjective, verb, adverb)
	frequent	9		(adjective, verb)
	internal	9		(adjective, noun)
	sensitive	9		(adjective, noun)
	constant	8		(adjective, noun)
	minor	8		(adjective, noun, verb)
	previous	8		(adjective, idiom)
	raw	8		(adjective, noun, idiom)
	soft	8		(adjective, noun, adverb)
	solid	8		(adjective, noun)
	weird	8		(adjective, noun)
	amazing	7		(adjective, verb)
	annual	7		(adjective, noun)
	busy	7		(adjective, verb)
	dead	7		(adjective, noun, adverb)
	false	7		(adjective, adverb, idiom)
	round	7		(adjective, noun, adverb)
	sharp	7		(adjective, verb, adverb)
	thick	7		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	wise	7		(adjective, verb, idiom)
	equivalent	6		(adjective, noun)
	initial	6		(adjective, noun, verb)
	narrow	6		(adjective, verb, noun)
	nearby	6		(adjective, adverb)
	proud	6		(adjective, idiom)
	spiritual	6		(adjective, noun)
	wild	6		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	adult	5		(adjective, noun)
	apart	5		(adjective, adverb)
	brief	5		(adjective, noun, verb)
	crazy	5		(adjective, noun, idiom)
	prior	5		(adjective, noun, idiom)
	rough	5		(adjective, noun, adverb)
	sad	5		(adjective, noun)
	sick	5		(adjective, noun, idiom)
	strange	5		(adjective, adverb)
	external	4		(adjective, noun)
	illegal	4		(adjective, noun)
	loud	4		(adjective, adverb)
	mobile	4		(adjective, noun)
	nasty	4		(adjective, noun)
	ordinary	4		(adjective, noun)
	royal	4		(adjective, noun)
	senior	4		(adjective, noun)
	super	4		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	tight	4		(adjective, adverb)
	upper	4		(adjective, noun)
	yellow	4		(adjective, noun, verb)
	dependent	3		(adjective, noun)
	funny	3		(adjective, noun)
	gross	3		(adjective, adverb, verb)
	ill	3		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	spare	3		(adjective, noun, verb)
	sweet	3		(adjective, noun)
	upstairs	3		(adjective, noun)
	usual	3		(adjective, noun)
	brave	2		(adjective, noun, verb)
	calm	2		(adjective, noun, verb)
	dirty	2		(adjective, verb)
	downtown	2		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	grand	2		(adjective, noun)
	honest	2		(adjective, adverb)
	loose	2		(adjective, verb)
	male	2		(adjective, noun)
	quiet	2		(adjective, noun, verb)
	brilliant	1		(adjective, noun)
	dear	1		(adjective, noun, adverb)
	drunk	1		(adjective, noun)
	empty	1		(adjective, verb, noun)
	female	1		(adjective, noun)
	inevitable	1		(adjective, noun)
	neat	1		(adjective, noun)
	ok	1		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	representative	1		(adjective, noun)
	silly	1		(adjective, noun)
	slight	1		(adjective, verb, noun)
	smart	1		(adjective, verb, noun)
	stupid	1		(adjective, noun)
	temporary	1		(adjective, noun)
	weekly	1		(adjective, adverb, noun)
	that	1743		(pronoun, adjective, adverb)
	this	864		(pronoun, adjective, adverb)
	what	461		(pronoun, adjective, adverb)
	which	449		(pronoun, adjective)
	time	369		(noun, adjective, verb)
	these	344		(pronoun, adjective)
	work	224		(noun, adjective, verb)
	no	213		(adverb, adjective, noun)
	only	208		(adverb, adjective, conjunction)
	first	176		(adverb, adjective)
	over	170		(preposition, adjective)
	business	127		(noun, adjective)
	his	125		(pronoun, adjective)
	game	117		(noun, adjective, verb)
	think	116		(verb, adjective, noun)
	after	110		(preposition, adjective, adverb)
	life	107		(noun, adjective)
	day	98		(noun, adjective)
	home	72		(noun, adjective, adverb)
	economy	71		(noun, adjective)
	away	59		(adverb, adjective)
	either	57		(conjunction, adjective)
	fat	54		(noun, adjective, verb)
	key	54		(noun, adjective, verb)
	training	54		(noun, adjective)
	top	53		(noun, adjective, verb)
	level	51		(noun, adjective, verb)
	far	46		(adverb, adjective)
	fun	46		(noun, adjective, verb)
	house	46		(noun, adjective, verb)
	kind	43		(noun, adjective)
	future	40		(noun, adjective)
	action	37		(noun, adjective)
	live	35		(verb, adjective, adverb)
	period	35		(noun, adjective)
	subject	34		(noun, adjective, adverb)
	mean	33		(verb, adjective, noun)
	stock	32		(noun, adjective, verb)
	chance	31		(noun, adjective, verb)
	beginning	30		(noun, adjective, verb)
	upset	30		(verb, adjective)
	chicken	29		(noun, adjective)
	head	29		(noun, adjective, verb)
	material	29		(noun, adjective)
	salt	29		(noun, adjective, verb)
	car	28		(noun, adjective)
	appropriate	26		(verb, adjective)
	inside	26		(noun, adjective, preposition)
	outside	26		(noun, adjective, preposition)
	standard	26		(noun, adjective)
	medium	22		(noun, adjective)
	choice	21		(noun, adjective)
	north	19		(noun, adjective, adverb)
	square	19		(noun, adjective, adverb)
	born	17		(verb, adjective, past particple)
	capital	17		(noun, adjective)
	shot	17		(noun, adjective)
	front	16		(noun, adjective, verb)
	living	16		(noun, adjective)
	plastic	16		(noun, adjective)
	express	15		(verb, adjective, adverb)
	mood	15		(noun, adjective)
	feeling	14		(noun, adjective)
	otherwise	14		(adverb, adjective)
	plus	14		(preposition, adjective, noun)
	saving	14		(noun, adjective, preposition)
	animal	13		(noun, adjective)
	budget	13		(noun, adjective, verb)
	minute	13		(noun, adjective, verb)
	character	12		(noun, adjective, verb)
	maximum	12		(noun, adjective)
	novel	12		(noun, adjective)
	plenty	12		(noun, adjective, adverb)
	select	12		(verb, adjective)
	background	11		(noun, adjective)
	forward	11		(adverb, adjective, noun)
	glass	11		(noun, adjective, verb)
	joint	11		(noun, adjective, verb)
	master	11		(noun, adjective, verb)
	red	11		(noun, adjective, idiom)
	vegetable	11		(noun, adjective)
	ideal	10		(noun, adjective)
	kitchen	10		(noun, adjective)
	mother	10		(noun, adjective, verb)
	party	10		(noun, adjective, verb)
	relative	10		(noun, adjective)
	signal	10		(noun, adjective, verb)
	street	10		(noun, adjective, idiom)
	connect	9		(verb, adjective)
	minimum	9		(noun, adjective)
	sea	9		(noun, adjective, idiom)
	south	9		(noun, adjective, adverb)
	status	9		(noun, adjective)
	daughter	8		(noun, adjective)
	hour	8		(noun, adjective, idiom)
	trick	8		(noun, adjective, verb)
	afternoon	7		(noun, adjective)
	gold	7		(noun, adjective)
	mission	7		(noun, adjective)
	agent	6		(noun, adjective, verb)
	corner	6		(noun, adjective, verb)
	east	6		(noun, adjective, adverb)
	neither	6		(conjunction, adjective, pronoun)
	parking	6		(noun, adjective)
	routine	6		(noun, adjective)
	swimming	6		(noun, adjective)
	winter	6		(noun, adjective, verb)
	airline	5		(noun, adjective)
	designer	5		(noun, adjective)
	dress	5		(noun, adjective, verb)
	emergency	5		(noun, adjective)
	evening	5		(noun, adjective)
	extension	5		(noun, adjective)
	holiday	5		(noun, adjective, verb)
	horror	5		(noun, adjective)
	mountain	5		(noun, adjective, idiom)
	patient	5		(noun, adjective)
	proof	5		(noun, adjective, verb)
	west	5		(noun, adjective, adverb)
	wine	5		(noun, adjective, verb)
	expert	4		(noun, adjective)
	native	4		(noun, adjective)
	opening	4		(noun, adjective)
	silver	4		(noun, adjective, verb)
	waste	4		(verb, adjective, noun)
	plane	3		(noun, adjective, verb)
	leather	2		(noun, adjective, verb)
	purple	2		(noun, adjective, verb)
	specialist	2		(noun, adjective)
	bitter	1		(noun, adjective)
	incident	1		(noun, adjective)
	motor	1		(noun, adjective, verb)
	pretend	1		(verb, adjective)
	prize	1		(noun, adjective, verb)
	resident	1		(noun, adjective)